The benchmark threshold _p = 0.25 is deliberately lower than this severe crowding range, because the model uses it as a conservative management signal, not as a statement that the population has reached a high defensive rate, and the preference scheme is observed in severe crowding state. The value of _p in the range of [0.20,0.50] covers the spectrum from active intervention (low _p) to more tolerant suppression based on the signal (high _p). _h and _p are heuristic critical values.

The benchmark threshold _p = 0.25 is deliberately lower than this severe crowding range, because the model uses it as a conservative management signal, not as a statement that the population has reached a high defensive rate, and the preference scheme is observed in severe crowding state. The value of _p in the range of [0.20,0.50] covers the spectrum from active intervention (low _p) to more tolerant suppression based on the signal (high _p). _h and _p are heuristic critical values.